The paper describes the positive and negative imperative forms in the Chalkan language. The
Chalkan imperative has several forms, and the same paradigm has different markers for different
persons. We distinguish singular, dual (exclusive) and plural numbers for 1st person; 2nd and 3rd
persons can be singular and plural.
First person singular imperative is expressed by the =im/=in affix and carries the meaning of
volition or intent.
First person dual imperative is expressed by the affixes =аq/=еk, =а/=е. The =аq/=еk form
is used to address oneself and another person, excluding everyone else.
Because the Chalkan language is currently undergoing the process of contraction of verb
forms, homonymy is frequent. The contracted adverbial participle form with =yp and first person
dual imperative form, both of which contain hard palate consonants, are written similarly and are
distinguished according to context.
Verb forms formed with the first person dual imperative affix with a hard palate vowel -а
(=аq) may possess different semantic nuances depending on emphasis. If the second syllable (i. e.
the first person dual affix) is stressed, the word denotes a quick and precise realization of an action;
if the first syllable is stressed, the word denotes volition or intent.
First person plural imperative is expressed by the means of the first person dual affix =аq/=еk
and plural affix =tyr. Unlike the dual forms, this form refers to the speaker and everyone else.
The second person singular marker is formed by the null marker or personal marker of second
person singular form =zyŋ/=syŋ. The null affix carries the meaning of order or command, implying
that the action is to be carried out immediately and precisely. The second variant with =zyŋ
denotes a polite request or a less categorical order.
Second person plural imperative has the following markers: =zаr/=zеr, =sаr/=sеr;
=lyr/=tyr/=nyr.
Third person singular imperative is expressed with the affix =zyn/=syn; third person plural
imperative uses =zynyr/=synyr and may be expressed with the affix =zyn/=syn, like third person
singular imperative; in such cases, the pronoun ular ‘they’ is used in the sentence to show that
several people are addressed.
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