The paper presents the first results of ethnomusicological analysis of Tuvinians Kozhamyk in
Bay-Tayga district located in the west of Tuva Republic. The study is in line with the dialect-local
approach to the study of the musical folklore of Tuva. The analysis is made of the archive records
of 1975, 1976, 1978 and 2001 that involve 43 samples of Kozhamyk recorded from 24 performers.
The author presents the references and gives the description of the age and sex characteristics
of performers and their residence.
To systematize the material and carry out the comparative studies of different local traditions
of Tuvinians, the author proposes to use the indexation of typical tunes. The first number of the
index indicates the syllabic rhythm type, the second one is for the letter designation of the finalis,
and the third one is for the serial number of the tune. As a result of the analysis, 18 typical tunes
were revealed. The paper presents their schematic notations. The melodies of tunes are transposed
to one pitch level in accordance with the structure and functionality of the scales. The comparison
of the records shows that most of the tunes in different collections are not repeated, with 11 tunes
of Bay-Tayga Tuvinians recorded in other areas of Tuva.
For the first time, an ethnomusicological characteristic of the typical tunes of the Kozhamyk
of the Bay-Tayga Tuvinians is given. Namely, the syllabic rhythm and mode organization is described.
Of the seven syllabic rhythm types widespread in Tuva, the in the Bay-Tayga district
only three are fixed: eq eq : eq e; eeee : eeq q and eeee : eeee. For every syllabic rhythm type
in the collection, there are 5–7 typical tunes.
The mode organization of the Kozhamyk of the Bay-Tayga Tuvinians is based on the pentatonic
scale: hm–D–E–G–A–h–cis2/d2–e2. The scales of the songs consist of 4–7 steps, but most of
the tunes have 5- and 6-steps scales. Mandatory for the scales are the steps of tetrachord e–g–a–h.
The steps E and G are mostly used as final in the tunes. The repetition of the tone and the movement
on the next steps dominate in the melody. The melody structure of the tunes can be end-toend
ABCD, end-to-end with the repetition of the initial element at the end of the ABCA, and the
re-construction of ABAB and ABAC.
In the future, it is planned to map the model tunes of Tuvinians of different regions of Tuva to
reveal the dialectal-local specificity of Tuvinian song tradition.
Aksenov A. K. Tuvinskaya narodnaya muzyka [Tuvan folk music]. E. V. Gippius (Ed.). Moscow, Muzyka, 1964, 254 p.
Alekseev N. A., Soldatova G. E. O kompleksnoy fol’klorno-etnograficheskoy ekspeditsii 2001 g. [On the complex folklore and ethnographic expedition of 2001]. Humanitarian sciences in Siberia. 2002, no. 3, pp. 110–111.
Fol’klor tuvintsev Bay-Taygi: v zapisyakh ot shkol’nikov [Folklore of Tuvans of the Bay-Taiga: in records from school students]. N. A. Alekseev, U. A. Dongak (Comps). Novosibirsk, 2006, 60 p.
Boot P., Volk A., Haas W. Evaluating the Role of Repeated Patterns in Folk Song Classification and Compression. Journal of New Music Research. 2016, vol. 45, no. 3., pp. 223–238.
Dillon M., Hunter M. Automated identification of melodic variants in folk music. Computer and Humanities. 1982, vol. 16, no 2, pp. 107–117.
Єfremova L. O. Teoretichnі zasadi sistematizatsії ukraїns’kogo pіsennogo fol’kloru. Chastotniy katalog [Theoretical principles of systematization of Ukrainian folk songs. Frequency catalog]. Abstract of Cand. art diss. Kiev, 2011, 40 p.
Gippius E. V. Obshcheteoreticheskiy vzglyad na problemu katalogizatsii narodnykh melodiy sovremennoy fol’kloristiki: Sb. st. i materialov [Topical issues of modern folklore: Coll. of art. and materials]. Leningrad, Muzyka, 1980, pp. 23–36.
Hoshovskyj V. The experiment of systematizing and cataloguing folk tunes following the principles of musical dialectology and cybernetics. Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 1965, vol. 7, pp. 273–286.
Kan-ool A. Kh. Pesennaya traditsiya v kontekste intonatsionnoy kul’tury erzinskikh tuvintsev [Song tradition in the context of the intonational culture of the Erzin Tuvinians]. Musicology. 2010, no. 3, pp. 30–36.
Kondrat’eva N. M. Statisticheskiy analiz zvukoryadov zapadno-tuvinskikh kozhamyktar [Statistical analysis of the scales of the West-Tuvinians kozhamyktar]. In: Otechestvennaya etnomuzykologiya: istoriya nauki, metody issledovaniya, perspektivy razvitiya: Materialy Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. T. 1 [Russian ethnomusicology: history of science, research methods, development
prospects: Proceedings of the International scientific conference. Vol. 1]. St. Petersburg, 2011, pp. 349–364.
Koller O. Die beste Methode, Volks- und volksmäßige Lieder nach ihrer melodischen Beschaffenheit lexikalisch zu ordnen. Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. Leipzig. 1903, vol. IV, iss. 1, pp. 1–15.
Krohn I. Welche ist die beste Methode, um Volks- und volksmäßige Lieder nach ihrer melodischen (nicht textlichen) Beschaffenheit lexikalisch zu ordnen? Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. Leipzig, 1903, vol. IV, iss. 4, pp. 643–660.
Strle G., Marolt M. Ethnomuse: Multimedia digital archive of Slovenian folk song, music, and dance collections. Traditiones. 2010, vol. 39, no 2, pp. 149–166.
Syčenco G. Model tunes of the ‘short songs’ of the Chalkans. Turcologica. Bd 97. 1. Handbuch des Tschalkantürkischen. T. 3: Ethnologishe und lexikologische Untersuchungen. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verl., 2013, pp. 201–206.
Tiron E. L. Istochnikovaya baza etnomuzykovedcheskogo issledovaniya pesennoy traditsii tuvintsev Bay-Taygi [The source base of ethnomusicological research of the song tradition of Bai-Taiga Tuvans]. Bulletin of Kemerovo State Institute of Culture and Arts. 2017, no. 3, pp. 179–186.
Tiron E. L. Lokal’nye osobennosti tuvinskikh pesen kozhamyk (po arkhivnym materialam 1970-kh godov) [Local features of Tuvans songs kozhmykak (on archival materials of the 1970th)]. Voprosy etnomuzykoznaniya. 2016, no. 1(14), pp. 37–47.
Tiron E. L. Pesni tuvintsev-todzhintsev: zhanry yr i kozhamyk [Songs of the Tuvans-Tojus: yr and kozhmyk genres]. Cand. art diss. Novosibirsk, 2015. 270 p.
Tiron E. L. Tipovye napevy kozhamyk tuvintsev-todzhintsev [Model tunes of Kozhamyk of the Tuva-Tojus]. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University of Culture and Arts. 2015, no. 31, pp. 20–26.