Fixation and assignment of labels to specific semantic derivation cases, namely metaphorical
expressives (expressive lexical units) in Tuvan dictionaries, are considered and compared
with their Russian equivalents. The Russian language influence on the semantic structure of
the Tuvan lexemes is observed. Metaphorical expressives are lexemes formed by metaphorical derivation resulting in new (figurative) meanings without changing the form. The number
of such units in the colloquial speech was found to increase under the Russian language influence in recent decades. New formation models non-typical for Tuvan but common in Russian
have appeared. Also, the calques of Russian expressives based on models absent in Tuvan
were found: bash aaryy (lit.: head pain) → “person or problem causing emotional pain or
frustration to the speaker” from Russian golovnaya bol’ with the same meaning. The analysis
showed Tuvan dictionaries not to reflect this phenomenon sufficiently, i.e., word figurative
meanings, namely metaphorical expressives, are not represented there broadly enough. It may
be because the labels marking certain words’ usage areas, particularly the label razg. (colloquial speech) is used rather liberally since the stylistic differentiation process is still ongoing
in standard Tuvan. While actively used in oral colloquial speech, most expressive meanings
of polysemantic words revealed in the study are not found in Tuvan dictionaries. In Russian,
there are special colloquial dictionaries, as well as regional dictionaries with stylistic labels.
There are no such dictionaries in Tuvan, mostly due to its vague stylistic differentiation.
However, the Tuvan language is still evolving, with dictionaries updated accordingly.
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